fping/src/fping.c

/* 
 * fping: fast-ping, file-ping, favorite-ping, funky-ping
 *
 *   Ping a list of target hosts in a round robin fashion.
 *   A better ping overall.
 *
 * fping website:  http://www.fping.org
 *
 * Current maintainer of fping: David Schweikert
 * Please send suggestions and patches to: david@schweikert.ch
 *
 *
 * Original author:  Roland Schemers  <schemers@stanford.edu>
 * IPv6 Support:     Jeroen Massar    <jeroen@unfix.org / jeroen@ipng.nl>
 * Improved main loop: David Schweikert <david@schweikert.ch>
 * Debian Merge, TOS settings: Tobi Oetiker <tobi@oetiker.ch>
 * Bugfixes, byte order & senseful seq.-numbers: Stephan Fuhrmann (stephan.fuhrmann AT 1und1.de)
 *
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
 * provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 * duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
 * advertising materials, and other materials related to such
 * distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
 * by Stanford University.  The name of the University may not be used 
 * to endorse or promote products derived from this software without 
 * specific prior written permission.
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 */

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif /* __cplusplus */

/* if compiling for Windows, use this separate set
  (too difficult to ifdef all the autoconf defines) */
#ifdef WIN32

/*** Windows includes ***/


#else

/*** autoconf includes ***/


#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

#include <netinet/in.h>

#include "config.h"

#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif /* HAVE_UNISTD_H */

#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
#include <stdlib.h>
#endif /* HAVE_STDLIB_H */

#include <string.h>
#include <stddef.h>

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>

#if HAVE_SYS_FILE_H
#include <sys/file.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_FILE_H */

#ifdef IPV6
#include <netinet/icmp6.h>
#endif
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>

#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>

#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netdb.h>

/* RS6000 has sys/select.h */
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
#include <sys/select.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H */

#endif /* WIN32 */

#include "options.h"

/*** externals ***/

extern char *optarg;
extern int optind,opterr;
extern int h_errno;

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif /* __cplusplus */

/*** Constants ***/

#define EMAIL       "david@schweikert.ch"

/*** Ping packet defines ***/

/* data added after ICMP header for our nefarious purposes */

typedef struct ping_data
{
     int                  ping_count;         /* counts up to -c count or 1 */
     struct timeval       ping_ts;            /* time sent */

} PING_DATA;

#define MIN_PING_DATA   sizeof( PING_DATA )
#define MAX_IP_PACKET   65536   /* (theoretical) max IP packet size */
#define SIZE_IP_HDR     20
#ifndef IPV6
#define SIZE_ICMP_HDR   ICMP_MINLEN     /* from ip_icmp.h */
#else
#define SIZE_ICMP_HDR   sizeof(FPING_ICMPHDR)
#endif
#define MAX_PING_DATA   ( MAX_IP_PACKET - SIZE_IP_HDR - SIZE_ICMP_HDR )

/* sized so as to be like traditional ping */
#define DEFAULT_PING_DATA_SIZE  56

/* maxima and minima */
#define MAX_COUNT               10000
#define MIN_INTERVAL            10      /* in millisec */
#define MIN_PERHOST_INTERVAL    20      /* in millisec */
#define MIN_TIMEOUT             50      /* in millisec */
#define MAX_RETRY               20

/* response time array flags */
#define RESP_WAITING    -1
#define RESP_UNUSED     -2

/* debugging flags */
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
#define DBG_TRACE               1
#define DBG_SENT_TIMES          2
#define DBG_RANDOM_LOSE_FEW     4
#define DBG_RANDOM_LOSE_MANY    8
#define DBG_PRINT_PER_SYSTEM    16
#define DBG_REPORT_ALL_RTTS     32
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

/* Long names for ICMP packet types */
char *icmp_type_str[19] =
{
    "ICMP Echo Reply",          /* 0 */
    "",
    "",
    "ICMP Unreachable",         /* 3 */
    "ICMP Source Quench",       /* 4 */
    "ICMP Redirect",            /* 5 */
    "",
    "",
    "ICMP Echo",                /* 8 */
    "",
    "",
    "ICMP Time Exceeded",       /* 11 */
    "ICMP Parameter Problem",   /* 12 */
    "ICMP Timestamp Request",   /* 13 */
    "ICMP Timestamp Reply",     /* 14 */
    "ICMP Information Request", /* 15 */
    "ICMP Information Reply",   /* 16 */
    "ICMP Mask Request",        /* 17 */
    "ICMP Mask Reply"           /* 18 */
};

char *icmp_unreach_str[16] =
{
    "ICMP Network Unreachable",                                     /* 0 */
    "ICMP Host Unreachable",                                        /* 1 */
    "ICMP Protocol Unreachable",                                    /* 2 */
    "ICMP Port Unreachable",                                        /* 3 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Fragmentation Needed)",                      /* 4 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Source Route Failed)",                       /* 5 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Destination Network Unknown)",               /* 6 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Destination Host Unknown)",                  /* 7 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Source Host Isolated)",                      /* 8 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Communication with Network Prohibited)",     /* 9 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Communication with Host Prohibited)",        /* 10 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Network Unreachable For Type Of Service)",   /* 11 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Host Unreachable For Type Of Service)",      /* 12 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Communication Administratively Prohibited)", /* 13 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Host Precedence Violation)",                 /* 14 */
    "ICMP Unreachable (Precedence cutoff in effect)"                /* 15 */
};

#define ICMP_UNREACH_MAXTYPE    15
#ifndef IPV6
#define FPING_SOCKADDR struct sockaddr_in
#define FPING_ICMPHDR   struct icmp
#else
#define FPING_SOCKADDR struct sockaddr_in6
#define FPING_ICMPHDR   struct icmp6_hdr
#endif

/* entry used to keep track of each host we are pinging */

#define EV_TYPE_PING     1
#define EV_TYPE_TIMEOUT  2

typedef struct host_entry
{
     /* Each host can have an event attached: either the next time that a ping needs
      * to be sent, or the timeout, if the last ping was sent */
     struct host_entry    *ev_prev;           /* double linked list for the event-queue */
     struct host_entry    *ev_next;           /* double linked list for the event-queue */
     struct timeval       ev_time;            /* time, after which this event should happen */
     int                  ev_type;            /* event type */

     int                  i;                  /* index into array */
     char                 *name;              /* name as given by user */
     char                 *host;              /* text description of host */
     char                 *pad;               /* pad to align print names */
     FPING_SOCKADDR       saddr;              /* internet address */
     int                  timeout;            /* time to wait for response */
     unsigned char        running;            /* unset when through sending */
     unsigned char        waiting;            /* waiting for response */
     struct timeval       last_send_time;     /* time of last packet sent */
     int                  num_sent;           /* number of ping packets sent */
     int                  num_recv;           /* number of pings received */
     int                  max_reply;          /* longest response time */
     int                  min_reply;          /* shortest response time */
     int                  total_time;         /* sum of response times */
     int                  num_sent_i;         /* number of ping packets sent */
     int                  num_recv_i;         /* number of pings received */
     int                  max_reply_i;        /* longest response time */
     int                  min_reply_i;        /* shortest response time */
     int                  total_time_i;       /* sum of response times */
     int                  *resp_times;        /* individual response times */
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
     int                  *sent_times;        /* per-sent-ping timestamp */
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */
} HOST_ENTRY;

/*** globals ***/

HOST_ENTRY *rrlist = NULL;  /* linked list of hosts be pinged */
HOST_ENTRY **table = NULL;  /* array of pointers to items in the list */

/* event queue (ev): This, together with the ev_next / ev_prev elements are used
 * to track the next event happening for each host. This can be either a new ping
 * that needs to be sent or a timeout */
HOST_ENTRY *ev_first;
HOST_ENTRY *ev_last;

char *prog;
int ident;                  /* our pid */
int s;                      /* socket */
unsigned int debugging = 0;

/* times get *100 because all times are calculated in 10 usec units, not ms */
unsigned int retry = DEFAULT_RETRY;
unsigned int timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT * 100; 
unsigned int interval = DEFAULT_INTERVAL * 100;
unsigned int perhost_interval = DEFAULT_PERHOST_INTERVAL * 100;
float backoff = DEFAULT_BACKOFF_FACTOR;
unsigned int ping_data_size = DEFAULT_PING_DATA_SIZE;
unsigned int ping_pkt_size;
unsigned int count = 1;
unsigned int trials;
unsigned int report_interval = 0;
unsigned int ttl = 0;
int src_addr_present = 0;
#ifndef IPV6
struct in_addr src_addr;
#else
struct in6_addr src_addr;
#endif

/* global stats */
long max_reply = 0;
long min_reply = 1000000;
int total_replies = 0;
double sum_replies = 0;
int max_hostname_len = 0;
int num_jobs = 0;                   /* number of hosts still to do */
int num_hosts;                      /* total number of hosts */
int max_seq_sent = 0;               /* maximum sequence number sent so far */
int num_alive = 0,                  /* total number alive */
    num_unreachable = 0,            /* total number unreachable */
    num_noaddress = 0;              /* total number of addresses not found */
int num_timeout = 0,                /* number of times select timed out */
    num_pingsent = 0,               /* total pings sent */
    num_pingreceived = 0,           /* total pings received */
    num_othericmprcvd = 0;          /* total non-echo-reply ICMP received */

struct timeval current_time;        /* current time (pseudo) */
struct timeval start_time; 
struct timeval end_time;
struct timeval last_send_time;      /* time last ping was sent */
struct timeval last_report_time;    /* time last report was printed */
struct timezone tz;

/* switches */
int generate_flag = 0;              /* flag for IP list generation */
int verbose_flag, quiet_flag, stats_flag, unreachable_flag, alive_flag;
int elapsed_flag, version_flag, count_flag, loop_flag;
int per_recv_flag, report_all_rtts_flag, name_flag, addr_flag, backoff_flag;
int multif_flag;
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
int randomly_lose_flag, sent_times_flag, trace_flag, print_per_system_flag;
int lose_factor;
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

char *filename = NULL;              /* file containing hosts to ping */

/*** forward declarations ***/

void add_name( char *name );
#ifndef IPV6
void add_addr( char *name, char *host, struct in_addr ipaddr );
#else
void add_addr( char *name, char *host, FPING_SOCKADDR *ipaddr );
#endif
char *na_cat( char *name, struct in_addr ipaddr );
void crash_and_burn( char *message );
void errno_crash_and_burn( char *message );
char *get_host_by_address( struct in_addr in );
int in_cksum( unsigned short *p, int n );
void u_sleep( int u_sec );
int recvfrom_wto ( int s, char *buf, int len, FPING_SOCKADDR *saddr, long timo );
void remove_job( HOST_ENTRY *h );
int send_ping( int s, HOST_ENTRY *h );
long timeval_diff( struct timeval *a, struct timeval *b );
void timeval_add(struct timeval *a, long t_10u);
void usage( int );
int wait_for_reply( long );
void print_per_system_stats( void );
void print_per_system_splits( void );
void print_global_stats( void );
void main_loop();
void finish();
int handle_random_icmp( FPING_ICMPHDR *p, int psize, FPING_SOCKADDR *addr );
char *sprint_tm( int t );
void ev_enqueue(HOST_ENTRY  *h);
HOST_ENTRY *ev_dequeue();
void ev_remove(HOST_ENTRY *h);
void add_cidr(char *);
void add_range(char *, char *);
void print_warning(char *fmt, ...);

/*** function definitions ***/

/************************************************************

  Function: main

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  int argc, char** argv

  Description:
  
  Main program entry point

************************************************************/

int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
    int c, i, n;
#ifdef IPV6
    int opton = 1;
#endif
    struct protoent *proto;
    char *buf;
    uid_t uid;
        int tos = 0; 

#ifndef IPV6
    struct sockaddr_in sa;
#else
    struct sockaddr_in6 sa;
#endif
    HOST_ENTRY *cursor;

    prog = argv[0];

    /* confirm that ICMP is available on this machine */
#ifndef IPV6
    if( ( proto = getprotobyname( "icmp" ) ) == NULL ) 
#else
    if( ( proto = getprotobyname( "ipv6-icmp" ) ) == NULL ) 
#endif
        crash_and_burn( "icmp: unknown protocol" );

    /* create raw socket for ICMP calls (ping) */
#ifndef IPV6
    s = socket( AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, proto->p_proto );
#else
    s = socket( AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, proto->p_proto );
#endif

    if( s < 0 )
        errno_crash_and_burn( "can't create raw socket (must run as root?)" );

#ifdef IPV6
    /*
     * let the kernel pass extension headers of incoming packets,
     * for privileged socket options
     */
#ifdef IPV6_RECVHOPOPTS
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVHOPOPTS, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVHOPOPTS)");
#else  /* old adv. API */
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_HOPOPTS, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_HOPOPTS)");
#endif
#ifdef IPV6_RECVDSTOPTS
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVDSTOPTS, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVDSTOPTS)");
#else  /* old adv. API */
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_DSTOPTS, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_DSTOPTS)");
#endif
#ifdef IPV6_RECVRTHDRDSTOPTS
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVRTHDRDSTOPTS, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVRTHDRDSTOPTS)");
#endif
#ifdef IPV6_RECVRTHDR
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVRTHDR, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVRTHDR)");
#else  /* old adv. API */
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RTHDR, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RTHDR)");
#endif
#ifndef USE_SIN6_SCOPE_ID
#ifdef IPV6_RECVPKTINFO
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVPKTINFO)");
#else  /* old adv. API */
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_PKTINFO, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_PKTINFO)");
#endif
#endif /* USE_SIN6_SCOPE_ID */
#ifdef IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT)");
#else  /* old adv. API */
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_HOPLIMIT, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_HOPLIMIT)");
#endif
#ifdef IPV6_CHECKSUM
#ifndef SOL_RAW
#define SOL_RAW IPPROTO_IPV6
#endif
        opton = 2;
        if (setsockopt(s, SOL_RAW, IPV6_CHECKSUM, &opton,
            sizeof(opton)))
            err(1, "setsockopt(SOL_RAW,IPV6_CHECKSUM)");
#endif
#endif

    if( ( uid = getuid() ) )
    {
        seteuid( getuid() );

    }/* IF */

    ident = getpid() & 0xFFFF;

    verbose_flag = 1;
    backoff_flag = 1;
    opterr = 1;

    /* get command line options */

    while( ( c = getopt( argc, argv, "gedhlmnqusaAvz:t:H:i:p:f:r:c:b:C:Q:B:S:I:T:O:" ) ) != EOF )
    {
        switch( c )
        {
        case 't':
            if( !( timeout = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg ) * 100 ) )
                usage(1);

            break;
        
        case 'r':
            retry = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg );
            break;
        
        case 'i':
            if( !( interval = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg ) * 100 ) )
                usage(1);

            break;

        case 'p':
            if( !( perhost_interval = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg ) * 100 ) )
                usage(1);

            break;

        case 'c':
            if( !( count = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg ) ) )
                usage(1);
            
            count_flag = 1;
            break;
        
        case 'C':
            if( !( count = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg ) ) )
                usage(1);
            
            count_flag = 1;
            report_all_rtts_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'b':
            if( !( ping_data_size = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg ) ) )
                usage(1);
            
            break;

        case 'h':
            usage(0);
            break;

        case 'q':
            verbose_flag = 0;
            quiet_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'Q':
            verbose_flag = 0;
            quiet_flag = 1;
            if( !( report_interval = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg ) * 100000 ) )
                usage(1);
            
            break;

        case 'e':
            elapsed_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'm':
            multif_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'd': 
        case 'n':
            name_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'A':
            addr_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'B':
            if( !( backoff = atof( optarg ) ) )
                usage(1);
            
            break;

        case 's':
            stats_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'l':
            loop_flag = 1;
            backoff_flag = 0;
            break;

        case 'u':
            unreachable_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'a':
            alive_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'H':  
            if( !( ttl = ( u_int )atoi( optarg ) ))
                usage(1);
            break;  

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
        case 'z':
            if( ! ( debugging = ( unsigned int )atoi( optarg ) ) )
                usage(1);
            
            break;
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

        case 'v':
            printf( "%s: Version %s\n", argv[0], VERSION);
            printf( "%s: comments to %s\n", argv[0], EMAIL );
            exit( 0 );

        case 'f': 
#ifdef ENABLE_F_OPTION
            filename = optarg;
            generate_flag = 0;
            break;
#else
            if( getuid() )
            {
                printf( "%s: this option can only be used by root.\n", argv[0] );
                printf( "%s: fping will read from stdin by default.\n", argv[0] );
                exit( 3 );

            }/* IF */
            else
            {
                filename = optarg;
                generate_flag = 0;

            }/* ELSE */

            break;
#endif /* ENABLE_F_OPTION */

        case 'g':
            /* use IP list generation */
            /* mutually exclusive with using file input or command line targets */
            generate_flag = 1;
            break;

        case 'S':
#ifndef IPV6
            if( ! inet_pton( AF_INET, optarg, &src_addr ) )
#else
            if( ! inet_pton( AF_INET6, optarg, &src_addr ) )
#endif
                usage(1);
            src_addr_present = 1;
            break;

        case 'I':
#ifdef SO_BINDTODEVICE
            if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, optarg, strlen(optarg))) {
                perror("binding to specific interface (SO_BINTODEVICE)");
            }
#else
            printf( "%s: cant bind to a particular net interface since SO_BINDTODEVICE is not supported on your os.\n", argv[0] );
            exit(3);;
#endif
            break;

        case 'T':
            /* This option is ignored for compatibility reasons ("select timeout" is not meaningful anymore) */
            break;

        case 'O':
            if (sscanf(optarg,"%i",&tos)){
                if ( setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &tos, sizeof(tos))) {
                    perror("setting type of service octet IP_TOS");
                }
            }
            break;
        default:
            usage(1);
            break;

        }/* SWITCH */
    }/* WHILE */

    /* validate various option settings */

    if (ttl < 0 || ttl > 255) {  
        fprintf(stderr, "ping: ttl %u out of range\n", ttl);  
        usage(1);
    }  

    if( unreachable_flag && alive_flag )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "%s: specify only one of a, u\n", argv[0] );
        usage(1);

    }/* IF */

    if( count_flag && loop_flag )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "%s: specify only one of c, l\n", argv[0] );
        usage(1);
    
    }/* IF */
    
    if( ( interval < MIN_INTERVAL * 100 ||
            perhost_interval < MIN_PERHOST_INTERVAL * 100 || 
            retry > MAX_RETRY || 
            timeout < MIN_TIMEOUT * 100 ) 
        && getuid() )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "%s: these options are too risky for mere mortals.\n", prog );
        fprintf( stderr, "%s: You need i >= %u, p >= %u, r < %u, and t >= %u\n",
            prog, MIN_INTERVAL, MIN_PERHOST_INTERVAL, MAX_RETRY, MIN_TIMEOUT );
        usage(1);

    }/* IF */
    
    if( ( ping_data_size > MAX_PING_DATA ) || ( ping_data_size < MIN_PING_DATA ) )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "%s: data size %u not valid, must be between %u and %u\n",
            prog, ping_data_size, (unsigned int) MIN_PING_DATA, (unsigned int) MAX_PING_DATA );
        usage(1);
    
    }/* IF */
    
    if( ( backoff > MAX_BACKOFF_FACTOR ) || ( backoff < MIN_BACKOFF_FACTOR ) )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "%s: backoff factor %.1f not valid, must be between %.1f and %.1f\n",
            prog, backoff, MIN_BACKOFF_FACTOR, MAX_BACKOFF_FACTOR );
        usage(1);
    
    }/* IF */

    if( count > MAX_COUNT )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "%s: count %u not valid, must be less than %u\n",
            prog, count, MAX_COUNT );
        usage(1);
    
    }/* IF */
    
    if( alive_flag || unreachable_flag )
        verbose_flag = 0;
    
    if( count_flag )
    {
        if( verbose_flag )
            per_recv_flag = 1;
    
        alive_flag = unreachable_flag = verbose_flag = 0;

    }/* IF */
    
    if( loop_flag )
    {
        if( !report_interval )
            per_recv_flag = 1;
        
        alive_flag = unreachable_flag = verbose_flag = 0;

    }/* IF */
    

    trials = ( count > retry + 1 ) ? count : retry + 1;

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    if( debugging & DBG_TRACE )
        trace_flag = 1;
    
    if( ( debugging & DBG_SENT_TIMES ) && !loop_flag )
        sent_times_flag = 1;

    if( debugging & DBG_RANDOM_LOSE_FEW )
    {
        randomly_lose_flag = 1;
        lose_factor = 1;     /* ie, 1/4 */
    
    }/* IF */
    
    if( debugging & DBG_RANDOM_LOSE_MANY )
    {
        randomly_lose_flag = 1;
        lose_factor = 5;     /* ie, 3/4 */
    
    }/* IF */
  
    if( debugging & DBG_PRINT_PER_SYSTEM )
        print_per_system_flag = 1;

    if( ( debugging & DBG_REPORT_ALL_RTTS ) && !loop_flag )
        report_all_rtts_flag = 1;

    if( trace_flag )
    {
        fprintf( stderr, "%s:\n  count: %u, retry: %u, interval: %u\n",
            prog, count, retry, interval / 10 );
        fprintf( stderr, "  perhost_interval: %u, timeout: %u\n",
            perhost_interval / 10, timeout / 10 );
        fprintf( stderr, "  ping_data_size = %u, trials = %u\n",
            ping_data_size, trials );
        
        if( verbose_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  verbose_flag set\n" );
        if( multif_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  multif_flag set\n" );
        if( name_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  name_flag set\n" );
        if( addr_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  addr_flag set\n" );
        if( stats_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  stats_flag set\n" );
        if( unreachable_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  unreachable_flag set\n" );
        if( alive_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  alive_flag set\n" );
        if( elapsed_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  elapsed_flag set\n" );
        if( version_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  version_flag set\n" );
        if( count_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  count_flag set\n" );
        if( loop_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  loop_flag set\n" );
        if( backoff_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  backoff_flag set\n" );
        if( per_recv_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  per_recv_flag set\n" );
        if( report_all_rtts_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  report_all_rtts_flag set\n" );
        if( randomly_lose_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  randomly_lose_flag set\n" );
        if( sent_times_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  sent_times_flag set\n" );
        if( print_per_system_flag ) fprintf( stderr, "  print_per_system_flag set\n" );

    }/* IF */
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    /* set the TTL, if the -H option was set (otherwise ttl will be = 0) */
    if(ttl > 0) {
        if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL,  &ttl, sizeof(ttl))) {
            perror("setting time to live");
        }
    }

    /* handle host names supplied on command line or in a file */
    /* if the generate_flag is on, then generate the IP list */

    argv = &argv[optind];
    argc -= optind;

    /* cover allowable conditions */

    /* file and generate are mutually exclusive */
    /* file and command line are mutually exclusive */
    /* generate requires command line parameters beyond the switches */
    if( ( *argv && filename ) || ( filename && generate_flag ) || ( generate_flag && !*argv ) )
        usage(1);

    /* if no conditions are specified, then assume input from stdin */
    if( !*argv && !filename && !generate_flag )
        filename = "-";
    
    if( *argv && !generate_flag )
    {
        while( *argv )
        {
            add_name( *argv );
            ++argv;

        }/* WHILE */
    }/* IF */
    else if( filename )
    {
        FILE *ping_file;
        char line[132];
        char host[132];
        char *p;
        
        if( strcmp( filename, "-" ) == 0 )
            ping_file = fdopen( 0, "r" );
        else
            ping_file = fopen( filename, "r" );

        if( !ping_file )
            errno_crash_and_burn( "fopen" );


        while( fgets( line, sizeof(line), ping_file ) )
        {
            if( sscanf( line, "%s", host ) != 1 )
                continue;
            
            if( ( !*host ) || ( host[0] == '#' ) )  /* magic to avoid comments */
                continue;
            
            add_name(p);
        }/* WHILE */
        
        fclose( ping_file );
    }
    else if( *argv && generate_flag ) {
	if(argc == 1) {
	    /* one target: we expect a cidr range (n.n.n.n/m) */
	    add_cidr(argv[0]);
	}
	else if(argc == 2) {
	    add_range(argv[0], argv[1]);
	}
	else {
	    usage(1);
	}
    }
    else {
        usage(1);
    }
    
    if( !num_hosts )
        exit( 2 );

    /* set the source address */

    if( src_addr_present )
    {
        memset( &sa, 0, sizeof( sa ) );
#ifndef IPV6
        sa.sin_family = AF_INET;
        sa.sin_addr = src_addr;
#else
        sa.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
        sa.sin6_addr = src_addr;
#endif
        if ( bind( s, (struct sockaddr *)&sa, sizeof( sa ) ) < 0 )
            errno_crash_and_burn( "cannot bind source address" );
    }

    /* allocate array to hold outstanding ping requests */

    table = ( HOST_ENTRY** )malloc( sizeof( HOST_ENTRY* ) * num_hosts );
    if( !table )
        crash_and_burn( "Can't malloc array of hosts" );

    cursor = ev_first;

    for( num_jobs = 0; num_jobs < num_hosts; num_jobs++ )
    {
        table[num_jobs] = cursor;
        cursor->i = num_jobs;
        
        /* as long as we're here, put this in so names print out nicely */
        if( count_flag || loop_flag )
        {
            n = max_hostname_len - strlen( cursor->host );
            buf = ( char* ) malloc( n + 1 );
            if( !buf )
                crash_and_burn( "can't malloc host pad" );
            
            for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
                buf[i] = ' ';

            buf[n] = '\0';
            cursor->pad = buf;

        }/* IF */
        
        cursor=cursor->ev_next;

    }/* FOR */

    ping_pkt_size = ping_data_size + SIZE_ICMP_HDR;
    
    signal( SIGINT, finish );
    
    gettimeofday( &start_time, &tz );
    current_time = start_time;

    if( report_interval )
        last_report_time = start_time;

    last_send_time.tv_sec = current_time.tv_sec - 10000;

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    if( randomly_lose_flag ) 
        srandom( start_time.tv_usec );
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    /* main loop */
    main_loop();

    finish();

    return 0;
} /* main() */

void add_cidr(char *addr)
{
    char *addr_end;
    char *mask_str; 
    unsigned long mask;
    unsigned long bitmask;
    int ret;
    struct addrinfo addr_hints;
    struct addrinfo *addr_res;
    unsigned long net_addr;
    unsigned long net_last;

    /* Split address from mask */
    addr_end = strchr(addr, '/');
    if(addr_end == NULL) {
        usage(1);
    }
    *addr_end = '\0';
    mask_str = addr_end + 1;
    mask = atoi(mask_str);
    if(mask < 1 || mask > 30) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: netmask must be between 1 and 30 (is: %s)\n", mask_str);
        exit(2);
    }

    /* parse address (IPv4 only) */
    memset(&addr_hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
    addr_hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
    addr_hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
    ret = getaddrinfo(addr, NULL, &addr_hints, &addr_res);
    if(ret) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: can't parse address %s: %s\n", addr, gai_strerror(ret));
        exit(2);
    }
    if(addr_res->ai_family != AF_INET) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: -g works only with IPv4 addresses\n");
        exit(2);
    }
    net_addr = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *) addr_res->ai_addr)->sin_addr.s_addr);

    /* convert mask integer from 1 to 32 to a bitmask */
    bitmask = ((unsigned long) 0xFFFFFFFF) << (32-mask);

    /* calculate network range */
    net_addr &= bitmask;
    net_last = net_addr + ((unsigned long) 0x1 << (32-mask)) - 1;

    /* add all hosts in that network (excluding network and broadcast address) */
    while(++net_addr < net_last) {
        struct in_addr in_addr_tmp;
        char buffer[20];
        in_addr_tmp.s_addr = htonl(net_addr);
        inet_ntop(AF_INET, &in_addr_tmp, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        add_name(buffer);
    }

    freeaddrinfo(addr_res);
}

void add_range(char *start, char *end)
{
    struct addrinfo addr_hints;
    struct addrinfo *addr_res;
    unsigned long start_long;
    unsigned long end_long;
    int ret;

    /* parse start address (IPv4 only) */
    memset(&addr_hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
    addr_hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
    addr_hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
    ret = getaddrinfo(start, NULL, &addr_hints, &addr_res);
    if(ret) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: can't parse address %s: %s\n", start, gai_strerror(ret));
        exit(2);
    }
    if(addr_res->ai_family != AF_INET) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: -g works only with IPv4 addresses\n");
        exit(2);
    }
    start_long = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *) addr_res->ai_addr)->sin_addr.s_addr);

    /* parse end address (IPv4 only) */
    memset(&addr_hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
    addr_hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
    addr_hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
    ret = getaddrinfo(end, NULL, &addr_hints, &addr_res);
    if(ret) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: can't parse address %s: %s\n", end, gai_strerror(ret));
        exit(2);
    }
    if(addr_res->ai_family != AF_INET) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: -g works only with IPv4 addresses\n");
        exit(2);
    }
    end_long = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in *) addr_res->ai_addr)->sin_addr.s_addr);

    /* generate */
    while(start_long <= end_long) {
        struct in_addr in_addr_tmp;
        char buffer[20];
        in_addr_tmp.s_addr = htonl(start_long);
        inet_ntop(AF_INET, &in_addr_tmp, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        add_name(buffer);
        start_long++;
    }
}


void main_loop()
{
    long lt;
    long wait_time;
    HOST_ENTRY *h;

    while(ev_first) {
        /* Any event that can be processed now ? */
        if(ev_first->ev_time.tv_sec < current_time.tv_sec ||
            (ev_first->ev_time.tv_sec == current_time.tv_sec &&
             ev_first->ev_time.tv_usec < current_time.tv_usec))
        {
            /* Event type: ping */
            if(ev_first->ev_type == EV_TYPE_PING) {
                /* Make sure that we don't ping more than once every "interval" */
                lt = timeval_diff( &current_time, &last_send_time );
                if(lt < interval) goto wait_for_reply;

                /* Dequeue the event */
                h = ev_dequeue();

                /* Send the ping */
		/*printf("Sending ping after %d ms\n", lt/100); */
                if(!send_ping(s, h)) goto wait_for_reply;

                /* Check what needs to be done next */
                if(!loop_flag && !count_flag) {
                    /* Normal mode: schedule retry */
                    if(h->waiting < retry + 1) {
                        h->ev_type = EV_TYPE_PING;
                        h->ev_time.tv_sec = last_send_time.tv_sec;
                        h->ev_time.tv_usec = last_send_time.tv_usec;
                        timeval_add(&h->ev_time, h->timeout);
                        ev_enqueue(h);

                        if(backoff_flag) {
                            h->timeout *= backoff;
                        }
                    }
                    /* Normal mode: schedule timeout for last retry */
                    else {
                        h->ev_type = EV_TYPE_TIMEOUT;
                        h->ev_time.tv_sec = last_send_time.tv_sec;
                        h->ev_time.tv_usec = last_send_time.tv_usec;
                        timeval_add(&h->ev_time, h->timeout);
                        ev_enqueue(h);
                    }
                }
                /* Loop and count mode: schedule next ping */
                else if(loop_flag || (count_flag && h->num_sent < count))
                {
                    h->ev_type = EV_TYPE_PING;
                    h->ev_time.tv_sec = last_send_time.tv_sec;
                    h->ev_time.tv_usec = last_send_time.tv_usec;
                    timeval_add(&h->ev_time, perhost_interval);
                    ev_enqueue(h);
                }
                /* Count mode: schedule timeout after last ping */
                else if(count_flag && count_flag && h->num_sent >= count) {
                    h->ev_type = EV_TYPE_TIMEOUT;
                    h->ev_time.tv_sec = last_send_time.tv_sec;
                    h->ev_time.tv_usec = last_send_time.tv_usec;
                    timeval_add(&h->ev_time, h->timeout);
                    ev_enqueue(h);
                }
            }
            /* Event type: timeout */
            else if(ev_first->ev_type == EV_TYPE_TIMEOUT) {
                num_timeout++;
                remove_job(ev_first);
            }
        }

        wait_for_reply:

        /* When can we expect the next event? */
        if(ev_first) {
            if(ev_first->ev_time.tv_sec == 0) {
		wait_time = 0;
	    }
	    else {
                wait_time = timeval_diff(&ev_first->ev_time, &current_time);
		if(wait_time < 0) wait_time = 0;
	    }
	    if(ev_first->ev_type == EV_TYPE_PING) {
		/* make sure that we wait enough, so that the inter-ping delay is
		 * bigger than 'interval' */
                if(wait_time < interval) {
		    lt = timeval_diff(&current_time, &last_send_time);
		    if(lt < interval) {
			wait_time = interval-lt;
		    }
		    else {
			wait_time = 0;
		    }
		}
            }

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
            if( trace_flag ) {
                fprintf(stderr, "next event in %d ms (%s)\n", wait_time / 100, ev_first->host);
            }
#endif
        }
        else {
            wait_time = interval;
        }

        /* Receive replies */
        /* (this is what sleeps during each loop iteration) */
        if(wait_for_reply(wait_time)) {
            while(wait_for_reply(0)); /* process other replies in the queue */
        }

        gettimeofday( &current_time, &tz );

        /* Print report */
        if( report_interval && ( loop_flag || count_flag ) &&
            ( timeval_diff ( &current_time, &last_report_time ) > report_interval ) )
        {
            print_per_system_splits();
            last_report_time = current_time;
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************

  Function: finish

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  void (none)

  Description:
  
  Main program clean up and exit point

************************************************************/

void finish()
{
    int i;
    HOST_ENTRY *h;

    gettimeofday( &end_time, &tz );

    /* tot up unreachables */
    for( i = 0; i < num_hosts; i++ )
    {
        h = table[i];

        if( !h->num_recv )
        {
            num_unreachable++;

            if( verbose_flag || unreachable_flag )
            {
                printf( "%s", h->host );

                if( verbose_flag ) 
                    printf( " is unreachable" );
                
                printf( "\n" );
            
            }/* IF */
        }/* IF */
    }/* FOR */

    if( count_flag || loop_flag )
        print_per_system_stats();
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    else if( print_per_system_flag )
        print_per_system_stats();
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    if( stats_flag )
        print_global_stats();

    if( num_noaddress )
        exit( 2 );
    else if( num_alive != num_hosts )
        exit( 1 ); 
    
    exit(0);

} /* finish() */


/************************************************************

  Function: print_per_system_stats

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  void (none)

  Description:
  

************************************************************/

void print_per_system_stats( void )
{
    int i, j, avg;
    HOST_ENTRY *h;
    char *buf;
    int bufsize;
    int resp;

    bufsize = max_hostname_len + 1;
    buf = ( char* )malloc( bufsize );

    if( !buf )
        crash_and_burn( "can't malloc print buf" );

    memset( buf, 0, bufsize );

    fflush( stdout );

    if( verbose_flag || per_recv_flag )
        fprintf( stderr, "\n" );

    for( i = 0; i < num_hosts; i++ )
    {
        h = table[i];
        fprintf( stderr, "%s%s :", h->host, h->pad );

        if( report_all_rtts_flag )
        {
            for( j = 0; j < h->num_sent; j++ )
            {
                if( ( resp = h->resp_times[j] ) >= 0 )
                    fprintf( stderr, " %d.%02d", resp / 100, resp % 100 );
                else
                    fprintf( stderr, " -" );

            }/* FOR */
          
            fprintf( stderr, "\n" );
      
        }/* IF */
        else
        {
            if( h->num_recv <= h->num_sent )
            {
                fprintf( stderr, " xmt/rcv/%%loss = %d/%d/%d%%",
                    h->num_sent, h->num_recv, h->num_sent > 0 ?
                    ( ( h->num_sent - h->num_recv ) * 100 ) / h->num_sent : 0 );

            }/* IF */
            else
            {
                fprintf( stderr, " xmt/rcv/%%return = %d/%d/%d%%",
                    h->num_sent, h->num_recv,
                    ( ( h->num_recv * 100 ) / h->num_sent ) );
          
            }/* ELSE */
          
            if( h->num_recv )
            {
                avg = h->total_time / h->num_recv;
                fprintf( stderr, ", min/avg/max = %s", sprint_tm( h->min_reply ) );
                fprintf( stderr, "/%s", sprint_tm( avg ) );
                fprintf( stderr, "/%s", sprint_tm( h->max_reply ) );
          
            }/* IF */
          
            fprintf(stderr, "\n");

        }/* ELSE */

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
        if( sent_times_flag )
        {
            for( j = 0; j < h->num_sent; j++ )
            {
                if( ( resp = h->sent_times[j] ) >= 0 )
                    fprintf( stderr, " %s", sprint_tm( resp ) );
                else
                    fprintf( stderr, " -" );
              
                fprintf( stderr, "\n" );

            }/* FOR */
        }/* IF */
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */
    }/* FOR */
  
    free( buf );

} /* print_per_system_stats() */


/************************************************************

  Function: print_per_system_splits

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  void (none)

  Description:
  

************************************************************/

void print_per_system_splits( void )
{
    int i, avg;
    HOST_ENTRY *h;
    char *buf;
    int bufsize;
    struct tm *curr_tm;

    bufsize = max_hostname_len + 1;
    buf = ( char* )malloc( bufsize );
    if( !buf )
        crash_and_burn( "can't malloc print buf" );

    memset( buf, 0, bufsize );

    fflush( stdout );

    if( verbose_flag || per_recv_flag )
        fprintf( stderr, "\n" );

    curr_tm = localtime( ( time_t* )&current_time.tv_sec );
    fprintf( stderr, "[%2.2d:%2.2d:%2.2d]\n", curr_tm->tm_hour,
        curr_tm->tm_min, curr_tm->tm_sec );

    for( i = 0; i < num_hosts; i++ )
    {
        h = table[i];
        fprintf( stderr, "%s%s :", h->host, h->pad );

        if( h->num_recv_i <= h->num_sent_i )
        {
            fprintf( stderr, " xmt/rcv/%%loss = %d/%d/%d%%",
                h->num_sent_i, h->num_recv_i, h->num_sent_i > 0 ?
                ( ( h->num_sent_i - h->num_recv_i ) * 100 ) / h->num_sent_i : 0 );

        }/* IF */
        else
        {
            fprintf( stderr, " xmt/rcv/%%return = %d/%d/%d%%",
                h->num_sent_i, h->num_recv_i, h->num_sent_i > 0 ?
                ( ( h->num_recv_i * 100 ) / h->num_sent_i ) : 0 );

        }/* ELSE */

        if( h->num_recv_i )
        {
            avg = h->total_time_i / h->num_recv_i;
            fprintf( stderr, ", min/avg/max = %s", sprint_tm( h->min_reply_i ) );
            fprintf( stderr, "/%s", sprint_tm( avg ) );
            fprintf( stderr, "/%s", sprint_tm( h->max_reply_i ) );
        
        }/* IF */
        
        fprintf( stderr, "\n" );
        h->num_sent_i = h->num_recv_i = h->max_reply_i =
            h->min_reply_i = h->total_time_i = 0;
    
    }/* FOR */

    free( buf );

} /* print_per_system_splits() */


/************************************************************

  Function: print_global_stats

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  void (none)

  Description:
  

************************************************************/

void print_global_stats( void )
{
    fflush( stdout );
    fprintf( stderr, "\n" );
    fprintf( stderr, " %7d targets\n", num_hosts );
    fprintf( stderr, " %7d alive\n", num_alive );
    fprintf( stderr, " %7d unreachable\n" ,num_unreachable );
    fprintf( stderr, " %7d unknown addresses\n", num_noaddress );
    fprintf( stderr, "\n" );
    fprintf( stderr, " %7d timeouts (waiting for response)\n", num_timeout );
    fprintf( stderr, " %7d ICMP Echos sent\n", num_pingsent );
    fprintf( stderr, " %7d ICMP Echo Replies received\n", num_pingreceived );
    fprintf( stderr, " %7d other ICMP received\n", num_othericmprcvd );
    fprintf( stderr, "\n" );

    if( total_replies == 0 )
    {
        min_reply = 0;
        max_reply = 0;
        total_replies = 1;
        sum_replies = 0;
    
    }/* IF */

    fprintf( stderr, " %s ms (min round trip time)\n", sprint_tm( min_reply ) );
    fprintf( stderr, " %s ms (avg round trip time)\n",
        sprint_tm( ( int )( sum_replies / total_replies ) ) );
    fprintf( stderr, " %s ms (max round trip time)\n", sprint_tm( max_reply ) );
    fprintf( stderr, " %12.3f sec (elapsed real time)\n",
        timeval_diff( &end_time, &start_time ) / 100000.0 );
    fprintf( stderr, "\n" );

} /* print_global_stats() */


/************************************************************

  Function: send_ping

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  int s, HOST_ENTRY *h

  Description:

  Compose and transmit an ICMP_ECHO REQUEST packet.  The IP packet
  will be added on by the kernel.  The ID field is our UNIX process ID,
  and the sequence number is an index into an array of outstanding
  ping requests. The sequence number will later be used to quickly
  figure out who the ping reply came from.

************************************************************/

int send_ping( int s, HOST_ENTRY *h )
{
    char *buffer;
    FPING_ICMPHDR *icp;
    PING_DATA *pdp;
    int n;
        int myseq;

    buffer = ( char* )malloc( ( size_t )ping_pkt_size );
    if( !buffer )
        crash_and_burn( "can't malloc ping packet" );
    
    memset( buffer, 0, ping_pkt_size * sizeof( char ) );
    icp = ( FPING_ICMPHDR* )buffer;

    gettimeofday( &h->last_send_time, &tz );
    myseq = h->num_sent * num_hosts + h->i;
    max_seq_sent = myseq > max_seq_sent ? myseq : max_seq_sent;

#ifndef IPV6
    icp->icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
    icp->icmp_code = 0;
    icp->icmp_cksum = 0;
    icp->icmp_seq = htons(myseq);
    icp->icmp_id = htons(ident);

    pdp = ( PING_DATA* )( buffer + SIZE_ICMP_HDR );
    pdp->ping_ts = h->last_send_time;
    pdp->ping_count = h->num_sent;

    icp->icmp_cksum = in_cksum( ( unsigned short* )icp, ping_pkt_size );
#else
    icp->icmp6_type = ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST;
    icp->icmp6_code = 0;
    icp->icmp6_seq = htons(myseq);
    icp->icmp6_id = htons(ident);

    pdp = ( PING_DATA* )( buffer + SIZE_ICMP_HDR );
    pdp->ping_ts = h->last_send_time;
    pdp->ping_count = h->num_sent;

    icp->icmp6_cksum = 0;   // The IPv6 stack calculates the checksum for us...
#endif
#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(_DEBUG)
    if( trace_flag )
        printf( "sending [%d] to %s\n", h->num_sent, h->host );
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    n = sendto( s, buffer, ping_pkt_size, 0,
        ( struct sockaddr* )&h->saddr, sizeof( FPING_SOCKADDR ) );

    if( n < 0 || n != ping_pkt_size )
    {
        if( verbose_flag || unreachable_flag )
        {
            printf( "%s", h->host );
            if( verbose_flag )
                printf( " error while sending ping: %s\n", strerror( errno ) );
            
            printf( "\n" );

        }/* IF */
        
        h->num_sent++;
        h->num_sent_i++;
        num_pingsent++;
        free( buffer );
        return(1);
    }

    /* mark this trial as outstanding */
    if( !loop_flag )
        h->resp_times[h->num_sent] = RESP_WAITING;

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    if( sent_times_flag )
        h->sent_times[h->num_sent] = timeval_diff( &h->last_send_time, &start_time );
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    h->num_sent++;
    h->num_sent_i++;
    h->waiting++;
    num_pingsent++;
    last_send_time = h->last_send_time;
    
    free( buffer );
    return(1);
}


/************************************************************

  Function: wait_for_reply

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  void (none)

  Returns:  int

  Description:
  

************************************************************/

int wait_for_reply(long wait_time)
{
    int result;
    static char buffer[4096];
    FPING_SOCKADDR response_addr;
    struct ip *ip;
    int hlen = 0;
    FPING_ICMPHDR *icp;
    int n, avg;
    HOST_ENTRY *h;
    long this_reply;
    int this_count;
    struct timeval sent_time;

    result = recvfrom_wto( s, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &response_addr, wait_time );

    if( result < 0 )
        return 0;   /* timeout */
  
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    if( randomly_lose_flag )
    {
        if( ( random() & 0x07 ) <= lose_factor )
            return 0;

    }/* IF */
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    ip = ( struct ip* )buffer;
#ifndef IPV6
#if defined( __alpha__ ) && __STDC__ && !defined( __GLIBC__ )
    /* The alpha headers are decidedly broken.
     * Using an ANSI compiler, it provides ip_vhl instead of ip_hl and
     * ip_v.  So, to get ip_hl, we mask off the bottom four bits.
     */
    hlen = ( ip->ip_vhl & 0x0F ) << 2;
#else
    hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
#endif /* defined(__alpha__) && __STDC__ */
    if( result < hlen + ICMP_MINLEN )
#else
    if( result < sizeof(FPING_ICMPHDR) )
#endif
    {
        if( verbose_flag )
        {
#ifndef IPV6
            printf( "received packet too short for ICMP (%d bytes from %s)\n", result,
                inet_ntoa( response_addr.sin_addr ) );
#else           
            char buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
            inet_ntop(response_addr.sin6_family, &response_addr.sin6_addr, buf, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN);
            printf( "received packet too short for ICMP (%d bytes from %s)\n", result, buf);
#endif
        }
        return( 1 ); /* too short */ 
    }/* IF */

    icp = ( FPING_ICMPHDR* )( buffer + hlen );
#ifndef IPV6
    if( icp->icmp_type != ICMP_ECHOREPLY )
#else
    if( icp->icmp6_type != ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY )
#endif
    {
        /* handle some problem */
        if( handle_random_icmp( icp, result, &response_addr ) )
            num_othericmprcvd++;
        return 1;
    }/* IF */

#ifndef IPV6
    if( ntohs(icp->icmp_id) != ident )
#else
    if( ntohs(icp->icmp6_id) != ident )
#endif
        return 1; /* packet received, but not the one we are looking for! */

    num_pingreceived++;

#ifndef IPV6
    if( ntohs(icp->icmp_seq)  > max_seq_sent )
#else
    if( ntohs(icp->icmp6_seq) > max_seq_sent )
#endif
        return( 1 ); /* packet received, don't worry about it anymore */

#ifndef IPV6
    n = ntohs(icp->icmp_seq) % num_hosts;
#else
    n = ntohs(icp->icmp6_seq) % num_hosts;
#endif
    h = table[n];

    /* received ping is cool, so process it */
    gettimeofday( &current_time, &tz );
    h->waiting = 0;
    h->timeout = timeout;
    h->num_recv++;
    h->num_recv_i++;

#ifndef IPV6
    memcpy( &sent_time, icp->icmp_data + offsetof( PING_DATA, ping_ts ), sizeof( sent_time ) );
    memcpy( &this_count, icp->icmp_data, sizeof( this_count ) );
#else
    memcpy( &sent_time, ((char *)icp->icmp6_data32)+4+offsetof(PING_DATA, ping_ts), sizeof( sent_time ) );
    memcpy( &this_count, ((char *)icp->icmp6_data32)+4, sizeof( this_count ) );
#endif

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    if( trace_flag ) 
        printf( "received [%d] from %s\n", this_count, h->host );
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    this_reply = timeval_diff( &current_time, &sent_time );
    if( this_reply > max_reply ) max_reply = this_reply;
    if( this_reply < min_reply ) min_reply = this_reply;
    if( this_reply > h->max_reply ) h->max_reply = this_reply;
    if( this_reply < h->min_reply ) h->min_reply = this_reply;
    if( this_reply > h->max_reply_i ) h->max_reply_i = this_reply;
    if( this_reply < h->min_reply_i ) h->min_reply_i = this_reply;
    sum_replies += this_reply;
    h->total_time += this_reply;
    h->total_time_i += this_reply;
    total_replies++;
    
    /* note reply time in array, probably */
    if( !loop_flag )
    {
        if( ( this_count >= 0 ) && ( this_count < trials ) )
        {
            if( h->resp_times[this_count] != RESP_WAITING )
            {
                if( !per_recv_flag )
                {
                    fprintf( stderr, "%s : duplicate for [%d], %d bytes, %s ms",
                        h->host, this_count, result, sprint_tm( this_reply ) );
#ifndef IPV6
                    if( response_addr.sin_addr.s_addr != h->saddr.sin_addr.s_addr )
                        fprintf( stderr, " [<- %s]", inet_ntoa( response_addr.sin_addr ) );
#else
                    if(memcmp(&response_addr.sin6_addr, &h->saddr.sin6_addr, sizeof(response_addr.sin6_addr)))
                    {
                        char buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
                        inet_ntop(response_addr.sin6_family, &response_addr.sin6_addr, buf, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN);

                        fprintf( stderr, " [<- %s]", buf);
                    }
#endif    
                    fprintf( stderr, "\n" );
    
                }/* IF */
            }/* IF */
            else
                h->resp_times[this_count] = this_reply;
        
        }/* IF */
        else
        {
            /* count is out of bounds?? */
            fprintf( stderr, "%s : duplicate for [%d], %d bytes, %s ms\n",
                h->host, this_count, result, sprint_tm( this_reply ) );
        
        }/* ELSE */
    }/* IF */

    if( h->num_recv == 1 )
    {
        num_alive++;
        if( verbose_flag || alive_flag )
        {
            printf( "%s", h->host );

            if( verbose_flag )
                printf( " is alive" );

            if( elapsed_flag )
                printf( " (%s ms)", sprint_tm( this_reply ) );
#ifndef IPV6
            if( response_addr.sin_addr.s_addr != h->saddr.sin_addr.s_addr )
                printf( " [<- %s]", inet_ntoa( response_addr.sin_addr ) );
#else
        if(memcmp(&response_addr.sin6_addr, &h->saddr.sin6_addr, sizeof(response_addr.sin6_addr)))
            {
                char buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
                inet_ntop(response_addr.sin6_family, &response_addr.sin6_addr, buf, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN);
                fprintf( stderr, " [<- %s]", buf);
            }
#endif
            printf( "\n" );
        
        }/* IF */
    }/* IF */

    if( per_recv_flag )
    {
        avg = h->total_time / h->num_recv;
        printf( "%s%s : [%d], %d bytes, %s ms",
            h->host, h->pad, this_count, result, sprint_tm( this_reply ) );
        printf( " (%s avg, ", sprint_tm( avg ) );
    
        if( h->num_recv <= h->num_sent )
        {
            printf( "%d%% loss)",
                ( ( h->num_sent - h->num_recv ) * 100 ) / h->num_sent );

        }/* IF */
        else
        {
            printf( "%d%% return)",
                ( h->num_recv * 100 ) / h->num_sent );
        
        }/* ELSE */
#ifndef IPV6
        if( response_addr.sin_addr.s_addr != h->saddr.sin_addr.s_addr )
            printf( " [<- %s]", inet_ntoa( response_addr.sin_addr ) );
#else
    if(memcmp(&response_addr.sin6_addr, &h->saddr.sin6_addr, sizeof(response_addr.sin6_addr)))
        {
            char buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
            inet_ntop(response_addr.sin6_family, &response_addr.sin6_addr, buf, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN);
            fprintf( stderr, " [<- %s]", buf);
        }
#endif
        
        printf( "\n" );
    
    }/* IF */

    /* remove this job, if we are done */
    if((count_flag && h->num_recv >= count) ||
       (!loop_flag && !count_flag && h->num_recv))
    {
        remove_job(h);
    }
    
    fflush( stdout );
    return num_jobs;

} /* wait_for_reply() */

/************************************************************

  Function: handle_random_icmp

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  FPING_ICMPHDR *p, int psize, FPING_SOCKADDR *addr

  Returns:  int

  Description:
  

************************************************************/

int handle_random_icmp( FPING_ICMPHDR *p, int psize, FPING_SOCKADDR *addr )
{
    FPING_ICMPHDR *sent_icmp;
    unsigned char *c;
    HOST_ENTRY *h;
#ifdef IPV6
    char addr_ascii[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
    inet_ntop(addr->sin6_family, &addr->sin6_addr, addr_ascii, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN);
#endif

    c = ( unsigned char* )p;
#ifndef IPV6
    switch( p->icmp_type )
#else
    switch( p->icmp6_type )
#endif
    {
    case ICMP_UNREACH:
        sent_icmp = ( FPING_ICMPHDR* )( c + 28 );
        
#ifndef IPV6
        sent_icmp = ( struct icmp* )( c + 28 );
        
        if( ( sent_icmp->icmp_type == ICMP_ECHO ) &&
            ( ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp_id) == ident ) &&
            ( ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp_seq) <= ( n_short )max_seq_sent ) )
        {
            /* this is a response to a ping we sent */
            h = table[ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp_seq) % num_hosts];
            
            if( p->icmp_code > ICMP_UNREACH_MAXTYPE )
            {
                print_warning("ICMP Unreachable (Invalid Code) from %s for ICMP Echo sent to %s",
                    inet_ntoa( addr->sin_addr ), h->host );

#else
        if( ( sent_icmp->icmp6_type == ICMP_ECHO ) &&
            ( ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp6_id) == ident ) &&
            ( ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp6_seq) <= ( n_short )max_seq_sent ) )
        {
            /* this is a response to a ping we sent */
            h = table[ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp6_seq) % num_hosts];
            
            if( p->icmp6_code > ICMP_UNREACH_MAXTYPE )
            {
                print_warning("ICMP Unreachable (Invalid Code) from %s for ICMP Echo sent to %s",
                    addr_ascii, h->host );
#endif
            }/* IF */
            else
            {
                print_warning("%s from %s for ICMP Echo sent to %s",
#ifndef IPV6
                    icmp_unreach_str[p->icmp_code], inet_ntoa( addr->sin_addr ), h->host );
#else
                    icmp_unreach_str[p->icmp6_code], addr_ascii, h->host );
#endif
            
            }/* ELSE */

            if( inet_addr( h->host ) == -1 )
#ifndef IPV6
                print_warning(" (%s)", inet_ntoa( h->saddr.sin_addr ) );
#else
                print_warning(" (%s)", addr_ascii);
#endif
            
            print_warning("\n" );
        
        }/* IF */

        return 1;

    case ICMP_SOURCEQUENCH:
    case ICMP_REDIRECT:
    case ICMP_TIMXCEED:
    case ICMP_PARAMPROB:
        sent_icmp = ( FPING_ICMPHDR* )( c + 28 );
#ifndef IPV6
        if( ( sent_icmp->icmp_type == ICMP_ECHO ) &&
            ( ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp_id) == ident ) &&
            ( ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp_seq) <= ( n_short )max_seq_sent ) )
        {
            /* this is a response to a ping we sent */
            h = table[ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp_seq) % num_hosts];
            fprintf( stderr, "%s from %s for ICMP Echo sent to %s",
                icmp_type_str[p->icmp_type], inet_ntoa( addr->sin_addr ), h->host );
      
            if( inet_addr( h->host ) == -1 )
                fprintf( stderr, " (%s)", inet_ntoa( h->saddr.sin_addr ) );
#else
        if( ( sent_icmp->icmp6_type == ICMP_ECHO ) &&
            ( ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp6_id) == ident ) &&
            ( ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp6_seq) <= ( n_short )max_seq_sent ) )
        {
            /* this is a response to a ping we sent */
            h = table[ntohs(sent_icmp->icmp6_seq) % num_hosts];
            fprintf( stderr, "%s from %s for ICMP Echo sent to %s",
                icmp_type_str[p->icmp6_type], addr_ascii, h->host );
      
            if( inet_addr( h->host ) == -1 )
                fprintf( stderr, " (%s)", addr_ascii );
#endif

            fprintf( stderr, "\n" );
        
        }/* IF */

        return 2;

    /* no way to tell whether any of these are sent due to our ping */
    /* or not (shouldn't be, of course), so just discard            */
    case ICMP_TSTAMP:
    case ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY:
    case ICMP_IREQ:
    case ICMP_IREQREPLY:
    case ICMP_MASKREQ:
    case ICMP_MASKREPLY:
    default:
        return 0;
    
    }/* SWITCH */

} /* handle_random_icmp() */


/************************************************************

  Function: in_cksum

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  unsigned short *p, int n

  Returns:  int

  Description:

  Checksum routine for Internet Protocol family headers (C Version)
  From ping examples in W.Richard Stevens "UNIX NETWORK PROGRAMMING" book.

************************************************************/

int in_cksum( unsigned short *p, int n )
{
    register unsigned short answer;
    register long sum = 0;
    unsigned short odd_byte = 0;

    while( n > 1 )
    {
        sum += *p++;
        n -= 2;
    
    }/* WHILE */


    /* mop up an odd byte, if necessary */
    if( n == 1 )
    {
        *( unsigned char* )( &odd_byte ) = *( unsigned char* )p;
        sum += odd_byte;
    
    }/* IF */

    sum = ( sum >> 16 ) + ( sum & 0xffff ); /* add hi 16 to low 16 */
    sum += ( sum >> 16 );                   /* add carry */
    answer = ~sum;                          /* ones-complement, truncate*/
    
    return ( answer );

} /* in_cksum() */


/************************************************************

  Function: add_name

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  char* name

  Description:

  process input name for addition to target list
  name can turn into multiple targets via multiple interfaces (-m)
  or via NIS groups

************************************************************/

void add_name( char *name )
{
#ifndef IPV6
    struct hostent *host_ent;
    unsigned int ipaddress;
    struct in_addr *ipa = ( struct in_addr* )&ipaddress;
    struct in_addr *host_add;
    char *nm;
    int i = 0;

    if( ( ipaddress = inet_addr( name ) ) != -1 )
    {
        /* input name is an IP addr, go with it */
        if( name_flag )
        {
            if( addr_flag ) {
                char namebuf[256];
                snprintf(namebuf, 256, "%s (%s)", get_host_by_address(*ipa), name);
                add_addr(name, namebuf, *ipa);
            }
            else
            {
                nm = get_host_by_address( *ipa );
                add_addr( name, nm, *ipa );

            }/* ELSE */
        }/* IF */
        else
            add_addr( name, name, *ipa );
        
        return;
    
    }/* IF */

    /* input name is not an IP addr, maybe it's a host name */
    host_ent = gethostbyname( name ); 
    if( host_ent == NULL )
    { 
        if( h_errno == TRY_AGAIN )
        { 
            u_sleep( DNS_TIMEOUT ); 
            host_ent = gethostbyname( name );

        }/* IF */

        if( host_ent == NULL )
        {
#ifdef NIS_GROUPS

            /* maybe it's the name of a NIS netgroup */
            char *machine, *user_ignored, *domain_ignored;
            setnetgrent( name );
            if( getnetgrent( &machine, &user_ignored, &domain_ignored ) == 0 )
            {
                endnetgrent();
                print_warning("%s address not found\n", name );
                
                num_noaddress++;
                return;
            
            }/* IF */
            else
                add_name(machine);

            while( getnetgrent( &machine, &user_ignored, &domain_ignored ) )
                add_name(machine);
      
            endnetgrent();
            return;
#else
            print_warning("%s address not found\n", name );
            
            num_noaddress++;
            return ; 
#endif /* NIS_GROUPS */
        }/* IF */
    }/* IF */

    if(host_ent->h_addrtype != AF_INET) {
        print_warning("%s: IPv6 address returned by gethostbyname (options inet6 in resolv.conf?)\n", name );
        num_noaddress++;
        return; 
    }
  
    host_add = ( struct in_addr* )*( host_ent->h_addr_list ); 
    if( host_add == NULL )
    { 
        print_warning("%s has no address data\n", name );
        
        num_noaddress++;
        return; 

    }/* IF */
    else
    {
        /* it is indeed a hostname with a real address */
        while( host_add )
        {
            if( name_flag && addr_flag ) {
                char namebuf[256];
                nm = inet_ntoa(*host_add);
                snprintf(namebuf, 256, "%s (%s)", name, nm);
                add_addr( name, namebuf, *host_add );
            }
            else if( addr_flag )
            {
                nm = inet_ntoa(*host_add);
                add_addr( name, nm, *host_add );
            }/* ELSE IF */
            else
                add_addr( name, name, *host_add );
            
            if( !multif_flag )
                break;

            host_add = ( struct in_addr* )( host_ent->h_addr_list[++i] ); 

        }/* WHILE */
    }/* ELSE */
#else
    FPING_SOCKADDR  dst;
    struct addrinfo     *res, hints;
    int                     ret_ga;
    char                        *hostname;
    size_t len;

    /* getaddrinfo */
    bzero(&hints, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
    hints.ai_flags = name_flag ? AI_CANONNAME : 0;
    hints.ai_family = AF_INET6;
    hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_RAW;
    hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;

    ret_ga = getaddrinfo(name, NULL, &hints, &res);
    if (ret_ga) {
        if(!quiet_flag)
            warnx("%s", gai_strerror(ret_ga));
        num_noaddress++;
        return; 
    }
    if (res->ai_canonname) hostname = res->ai_canonname;
    else hostname = name;
    if (!res->ai_addr) {
        if(!quiet_flag)
            warnx("getaddrinfo failed");
        num_noaddress++;
        return; 
    }
    len = res->ai_addrlen;
    if (len > sizeof(FPING_SOCKADDR)) len = sizeof(FPING_SOCKADDR);
    (void)memcpy(&dst, res->ai_addr, len);

    /* numerical addresses requested */
    if(addr_flag) {
        char addrbuf[64];
        int ret;
        ret = getnameinfo(res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen, addrbuf,
                          64, NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST);
        if (ret) {
            if(!quiet_flag) {
                warnx("%s", gai_strerror(ret_ga));
            }
            num_noaddress++;
            return; 
        }
        if(name_flag) {
            char nameaddrbuf[256];
            snprintf(nameaddrbuf, 256, "%s (%s)", name, addrbuf);
            add_addr(name, nameaddrbuf, &dst);
        }
        else {
            add_addr(name, addrbuf, &dst);
        }
    }
    else {
        add_addr(name, name, &dst);
    }
#endif
} /* add_name() */


/************************************************************

  Function: add_addr

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  char* name, char* host, struct in_addr ipaddr

  Description:

  add address to linked list of targets to be pinged
  assume memory for *name and *host is ours!!!

************************************************************/

#ifndef IPV6
void add_addr( char *name, char *host, struct in_addr ipaddr )
#else
void add_addr( char *name, char *host, FPING_SOCKADDR *ipaddr )
#endif
{
    HOST_ENTRY *p;
    int n, *i;

    p = ( HOST_ENTRY* )malloc( sizeof( HOST_ENTRY ) );
    if( !p )
        crash_and_burn( "can't allocate HOST_ENTRY" );

    memset( ( char* ) p, 0, sizeof( HOST_ENTRY ) );

    p->name = strdup(name);
    p->host = strdup(host);
#ifndef IPV6
    p->saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    p->saddr.sin_addr = ipaddr; 
#else
    p->saddr.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
    (void)memcpy(&p->saddr, ipaddr, sizeof(FPING_SOCKADDR));
#endif
    p->timeout = timeout;
    p->running = 1;
    p->min_reply = 10000000;

    if( strlen( p->host ) > max_hostname_len )
        max_hostname_len = strlen( p->host );

    /* array for response time results */
    if( !loop_flag )
    {
        i = ( int* )malloc( trials * sizeof( int ) );
        if( !i )
            crash_and_burn( "can't allocate resp_times array" );
        
        for( n = 1; n < trials; n++ )
            i[n] = RESP_UNUSED;
        
        p->resp_times = i;

    }/* IF */

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    /* likewise for sent times */
    if( sent_times_flag )
    {
        i = ( int* )malloc( trials * sizeof( int ) );
        if( !i )
            crash_and_burn( "can't allocate sent_times array" );
    
        for( n = 1; n < trials; n++ )
            i[n] = RESP_UNUSED;
        
        p->sent_times = i;
    
    }/* IF */
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    /* schedule first ping */
    p->ev_type = EV_TYPE_PING;
    p->ev_time.tv_sec  = 0;
    p->ev_time.tv_usec = 0;
    ev_enqueue(p);

    num_hosts++;

} /* add_addr() */


/************************************************************

  Function: remove_job

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  HOST_ENTRY *h

  Description:

************************************************************/

void remove_job( HOST_ENTRY *h )
{
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    if( trace_flag )
        printf( "removing job for %s\n", h->host );
#endif /* DEBUG || _DEBUG */

    h->running = 0;
    h->waiting = 0;
    --num_jobs;

    ev_remove(h);

} /* remove_job() */


/************************************************************

  Function: get_host_by_address

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  struct in_addr in

  Returns:  char*

  Description:

************************************************************/

char *get_host_by_address( struct in_addr in )
{
    struct hostent *h;
#ifndef IPV6
    h = gethostbyaddr( ( char* )&in, sizeof( struct in_addr ),AF_INET );
#else
    h = gethostbyaddr( ( char* )&in, sizeof( FPING_SOCKADDR ),AF_INET6 );
#endif
    
    if( h == NULL || h->h_name == NULL )
        return inet_ntoa( in );
    else
        return ( char* )h->h_name;

} /* get_host_by_address() */

/************************************************************

  Function: crash_and_burn

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  char* message

  Description:

************************************************************/
  
void crash_and_burn( char *message )
{
    if( verbose_flag )
        fprintf( stderr, "%s: %s\n", prog, message );
    
    exit( 4 );

} /* crash_and_burn() */


/************************************************************

  Function: errno_crash_and_burn

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  char* message

  Description:

************************************************************/

void errno_crash_and_burn( char *message )
{
    fprintf( stderr, "%s: %s : %s\n", prog, message, strerror( errno ) );
    exit( 4 );
} /* errno_crash_and_burn() */


/************************************************************

  Function: print_warning

  Description: fprintf(stderr, ...), unless running with -q

*************************************************************/

void print_warning(char *format, ...) {
    va_list args;
    if(!quiet_flag) {
        va_start(args, format );
        vfprintf(stderr, format, args);
        va_end(args);
    }
}



/************************************************************

  Function: timeval_diff

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  struct timeval *a, struct timeval *b

  Returns:  long

  Description:

  timeval_diff now returns result in hundredths of milliseconds
  ie, tens of microseconds                                    

************************************************************/

long timeval_diff( struct timeval *a, struct timeval *b )
{
    long sec_diff = a->tv_sec - b->tv_sec;
    if(sec_diff == 0) {
        return (a->tv_usec - b->tv_usec) / 10;
    }
    else if(sec_diff < 100) {
        return (sec_diff * 1000000 + a->tv_usec - b->tv_usec) / 10;
    }
    else {
        /* For such large differences, we don't really care about the microseconds... */
        return sec_diff * 100000;
    }
} /* timeval_diff() */

/************************************************************

  Function: timeval_add

*************************************************************/
void timeval_add(struct timeval *a, long t_10u)
{
    t_10u *= 10;
    a->tv_sec += (t_10u + a->tv_usec) / 1000000;
    a->tv_usec = (t_10u + a->tv_usec) % 1000000;
}

/************************************************************

  Function: sprint_tm

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  int t

  Returns:  char*

  Description:

  render time into a string with three digits of precision
  input is in tens of microseconds

************************************************************/

char * sprint_tm( int t )
{
    static char buf[10];

    /* <= 0.99 ms */
    if( t < 100 )
    {
        sprintf( buf, "0.%02d", t );
        return( buf );

    }/* IF */

    /* 1.00 - 9.99 ms */
    if( t < 1000 )
    {
        sprintf( buf, "%d.%02d", t / 100, t % 100 );
        return( buf );

    }/* IF */

    /* 10.0 - 99.9 ms */
    if( t < 10000 )
    {
        sprintf( buf, "%d.%d", t / 100, ( t % 100 ) / 10 );
        return( buf );
    
    }/* IF */
  
    /* >= 100 ms */
    sprintf( buf, "%d", t / 100 );
    return( buf );

} /* sprint_tm() */


/************************************************************

  Function: u_sleep

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  int u_sec

  Description:

************************************************************/

void u_sleep( int u_sec )
{
    int nfound;
    struct timeval to;
    fd_set readset, writeset;

select_again:
    to.tv_sec = u_sec / 1000000;
    to.tv_usec = u_sec - ( to.tv_sec * 1000000 );

    FD_ZERO( &readset );
    FD_ZERO( &writeset );

    nfound = select( 0, &readset, &writeset, NULL, &to );
    if(nfound < 0) {
	if(errno == EINTR) {
	    /* interrupted system call: redo the select */
	    goto select_again;
	}
	else {
	    errno_crash_and_burn( "select" );
	}
    }

    return;

} /* u_sleep() */


/************************************************************

  Function: recvfrom_wto

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  int s, char* buf, int len, FPING_SOCKADDR *saddr, int timo

  Returns:  int

  Description:

  receive with timeout
  returns length of data read or -1 if timeout
  crash_and_burn on any other errrors

************************************************************/

int recvfrom_wto( int s, char *buf, int len, FPING_SOCKADDR *saddr, long timo )
{
        unsigned int slen;
    int nfound, n;
    struct timeval to;
    fd_set readset, writeset;

select_again:
    if(timo < 100000) {
        to.tv_sec = 0;
        to.tv_usec = timo * 10;
    }
    else {
        to.tv_sec = timo / 100000 ;
        to.tv_usec = (timo % 100000) * 10 ;
    }

    FD_ZERO( &readset );
    FD_ZERO( &writeset );
    FD_SET( s, &readset );

    nfound = select( s + 1, &readset, &writeset, NULL, &to );
    if(nfound < 0) {
        if(errno == EINTR) {
            /* interrupted system call: redo the select */
            goto select_again;
        }
        else {
            errno_crash_and_burn( "select" );
        }
    }

    if( nfound == 0 )
        return -1;      /* timeout */

#ifndef IPV6
    slen = sizeof( struct sockaddr );
#else
    slen = sizeof( FPING_SOCKADDR );
#endif
    n = recvfrom( s, buf, len, 0, (struct sockaddr *)saddr, &slen );
    if( n < 0 )
        errno_crash_and_burn( "recvfrom" );
    
    return n;

} /* recvfrom_wto() */

/************************************************************

  Function: ev_enqueue

  Enqueue a host that needs to be pinged, but not before the time
  written in h->ev_time.

  The queue is sorted, so that ev_first always points to the host
  that should be pinged first.

  We start scanning the queue from the tail, because we assume
  that new events mostly get inserted with a event time higher
  than the others.

*************************************************************/
void ev_enqueue(HOST_ENTRY  *h)
{
    HOST_ENTRY *i;
    HOST_ENTRY *i_prev;

#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
    if( trace_flag ) {
        long st = timeval_diff(&h->ev_time, &current_time);
        fprintf(stderr, "Enqueue: host=%s, when=%d ms (%d, %d)\n", h->host, st/100, h->ev_time.tv_sec, h->ev_time.tv_usec);
    }
#endif

    /* Empty list */
    if(ev_last == NULL) {
        h->ev_next = NULL;
        h->ev_prev = NULL;
        ev_first = h;
        ev_last = h;
        return;
    }

    /* Insert on tail? */
    if(h->ev_time.tv_sec > ev_last->ev_time.tv_sec ||
       (h->ev_time.tv_sec == ev_last->ev_time.tv_sec &&
        h->ev_time.tv_usec >= ev_last->ev_time.tv_usec))
    {
        h->ev_next = NULL;
        h->ev_prev = ev_last;
        ev_last->ev_next = h;
        ev_last = h;
        return;
    }

    /* Find insertion point */
    i = ev_last;
    while(1) {
        i_prev = i->ev_prev;
        if(i_prev == NULL || 
           h->ev_time.tv_sec > i_prev->ev_time.tv_sec ||
           (h->ev_time.tv_sec == i_prev->ev_time.tv_sec &&
            h->ev_time.tv_usec >= i_prev->ev_time.tv_usec))
        {
            h->ev_prev = i_prev;
            h->ev_next = i;
            i->ev_prev = h;
            if(i_prev != NULL) {
                i_prev->ev_next = h;
            }
            else {
                ev_first = h;
            }
            return;
        }
        i = i_prev;
    }
}

/************************************************************

  Function: ev_dequeue

*************************************************************/
HOST_ENTRY *ev_dequeue()
{
    HOST_ENTRY *dequeued;

    if(ev_first == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    dequeued = ev_first;
    ev_remove(dequeued);

    return dequeued;
}

/************************************************************

  Function: ev_remove

*************************************************************/
void ev_remove(HOST_ENTRY *h)
{
    if(ev_first == h) {
        ev_first = h->ev_next;
    }
    if(ev_last == h) {
        ev_last = h->ev_prev;
    }
    if(h->ev_prev) {
        h->ev_prev->ev_next = h->ev_next;
    }
    if(h->ev_next) {
        h->ev_next->ev_prev = h->ev_prev;
    }
    h->ev_prev = NULL;
    h->ev_next = NULL;
}


/************************************************************

  Function: usage

*************************************************************

  Inputs:  int: 0 if output on request, 1 if output because of wrong argument

  Description:

************************************************************/

void usage(int is_error)
{
    FILE *out = is_error ? stderr : stdout;
    fprintf(out, "\n" );
    fprintf(out, "Usage: %s [options] [targets...]\n", prog );
    fprintf(out, "   -a         show targets that are alive\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -A         show targets by address\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -b n       amount of ping data to send, in bytes (default %d)\n", DEFAULT_PING_DATA_SIZE);
    fprintf(out, "   -B f       set exponential backoff factor to f\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -c n       count of pings to send to each target (default %d)\n", count );  
    fprintf(out, "   -C n       same as -c, report results in verbose format\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -e         show elapsed time on return packets\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -f file    read list of targets from a file ( - means stdin) (only if no -g specified)\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -g         generate target list (only if no -f specified)\n" );
    fprintf(out, "                (specify the start and end IP in the target list, or supply a IP netmask)\n" );
    fprintf(out, "                (ex. %s -g 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255 or %s -g 192.168.1.0/24)\n", prog, prog );
    fprintf(out, "   -H n       Set the IP TTL value (Time To Live hops)\n");
    fprintf(out, "   -i n       interval between sending ping packets (in millisec) (default %d)\n", interval / 100 );
    fprintf(out, "   -l         loop sending pings forever\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -m         ping multiple interfaces on target host\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -n         show targets by name (-d is equivalent)\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -p n       interval between ping packets to one target (in millisec)\n" );
    fprintf(out, "                (in looping and counting modes, default %d)\n", perhost_interval / 100 );
    fprintf(out, "   -q         quiet (don't show per-target/per-ping results)\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -Q n       same as -q, but show summary every n seconds\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -r n       number of retries (default %d)\n", DEFAULT_RETRY );
    fprintf(out, "   -s         print final stats\n" );
#ifdef SO_BINDTODEVICE
        fprintf(out, "   -I if      bind to a particular interface\n");
#endif
    fprintf(out, "   -S addr    set source address\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -t n       individual target initial timeout (in millisec) (default %d)\n", timeout / 100 );
    fprintf(out, "   -T n       ignored (for compatibility with fping 2.4)\n");
    fprintf(out, "   -u         show targets that are unreachable\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -O n       set the type of service (tos) flag on the ICMP packets\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   -v         show version\n" );
    fprintf(out, "   targets    list of targets to check (if no -f specified)\n" );
    fprintf(out, "\n");
    exit(is_error);
} /* usage() */